It all depends on the wastewater characteristics, the mixing & dispersion conditions, the phosphorus concentration in your raw water and the expected concentration at the release point & so on…. Lab sampling is the main way to monitor proper dosing of P removal. How is an optimal dosage determined when using alum for phosphorus removal for the final effluent in a wastewater MBR? Our main objective in conducting research with the lab flocculator is to be able to isolate each of the parameters in order to understand their specific roles in the flocculation process and to optimize overall flocculator efficiency. USALCO liquid Aluminum Sulfate is ready to use and mixes well in water. Figure 1: Settling curves for various alum doses at an influent turbidity of 50 NTU. There is an unexpected anomaly in the relationship between the 0 mg/L curve and the 5 mg/L curve. Also, keep in mind that a higher flow can reduce the detention time and inhibit flocculation and settling. The alum stock had not been used up at the start of our experiments, but we noticed that contaminants in the form of dust and lint had fallen and aggregated at the bottom of the alum stock tank. Liquid alum has been used when large alum doses were needed. USALCO Aluminum Sulfate (Alum), is a high quality, iron-free, clear solution that meets the specifications of the American Water Works Association Standard B403-16 and complies with the requirements of NSF/ANSI/CAN 60 at a maximum dosage of 150 mg/L. A second observation deduced from comparing each of the figures is that the marginal effectiveness (measured in both final turbidity and initial rate of settle) of increasing alum dose decreases significantly after about 25-30 mg/L of alum. Flocculation is the subsequent process whereby particles collide and form large aggregates, or flocs. Future experiments may need to be performed to determine whether the effects of alum can vary with different mixing intensities or other variables. Hi Wesley, How will shock loads of infiltration water affect P removal? Technical Data Sheet For the 50 NTU experiments (Figure 1) a general trend can be seen that indicates final turbidity decreases as alum dose increase. Ratio-Proportion. Coagulation is the process of chemically destabilizing solutions whereby electrolytes are added into solution so as to reduce the charge on the colloidal particles, thus facilitating their close approach and aggregation. If it is added in the bioreactor, ferrous salt (chloride or sulphate) will work and will be cheaper. 4 1 60 30 1 1 2 × × = The answer has to have tabs as units since that is the units for the dose on hand. It’s important to refer to the technical data sheets of the product. 6. Dosage is usually based on calcs and later fine-tuned through measurements. In water treatment processes, the primary electrolyte introduced into solution as the primary coagulant is aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), also known as Alum. Therefore,the optimal alum dose should be indicated by the curve with the quickest settling rate and final turbidity. The flow rate at which all our experiments will be run is Q = 1.33 mL/sec which produces a Gbar = 42 sec-1. Calculate the actual alum dose in mg/L for a plant treating a flow of 1 MGD with an alum feed rate of 130 lb/day. Sometimes alum is seen in its crystalline form, although it is most often sold as a powder. After determining the optimal alum dose for different influent turbidities, we proceed to run experiments with other variables, such as velocity gradient (G) and Gtheta, an indicator of the cumulative extent of mixing experienced after one pass through a reactor. The increase in chloride in the treated water is much lower than the sulphate increase from alum, resulting in lower overall increases in the TDS of the treated water. TNTC Calculation . alum to be added and give proper precipitation is calculated using the this equation: Total alkalinity required (mg/L) = Alkalinity reacting with alum (mg/L) + alkalinity presence in the water (mg/L) {?1 mg/L alum reacts with 0.45 mg/L alkalinity}. The length of the tube was inherited from the summer team, as our team did not replace the tube that had already been attached to the set up. Figure 4: Settling curves for various alum doses at an influent turbidity of 150 NTU. Fluoride result is over half of the MAC(1.5), does sampling increase too every 3 months until results reduce to < half? 1 • Collect Sediment Cores • Determine if alum treatment is necessary. A high level of reduction requires a high Al: P molar ratio. After canceling out units the mathematical operations are performed to obtain the answer. Alum and ferric chloride are the most commonly used coagulants in MBR process because they can reduce phosphorus to the lowest concentration. This indicates that at higher influent turbidities (higher particle concentrations), particle aggregation becomes easier and therefore effluent flocs are generally bigger and settle out faster. Alum Reaction with Phosphorus Al 2 (SO 4) 3.14H 2 O+ 2H 3 PO 4 2AlPO 4 + 3H 2 SO 4 + 18H 2 O The following illustrates a “stoichiometric reaction” of Al+++ with P 2 mole of Al reacts with 2 mole P (or 1 mole Al per mole P) 9.6 mg alum per mg P 0.5 mg alkalinity per mg of Alum wat is the best way to get rid of oder in water..thanks. 7. Estimate how much water should you drink per day with this daily water intake calculator. treatment of drinking water at a maximum dosage of 150 mg/L (dry basis). While the need to fully understand the mechanism by which alum coagulates particles was not immediately pressing, it was important for our research to determine the most effective alum dose for various levels of turbidity in order to temporarily remove alum dosing as a variable in our later experiments. Thanks for sharing... @wesley The objective of our first experiment was to determine the optimal alum dose for various influent turbidities. I surmise that you would test for phosphorus, pH, temp., D.O., TSS in all zones; could aluminum residual test be a useful indicator of optimal process? Improving the effectiveness of coagulation and flocculation will greatly enhance the efficiency of small scale water treatment systems, which will drive down costs and make the technology more feasible and attractive to communities. To monitor the amount of phosphorus, and the required dosage of coagulant, you will need to sample various locations to take suitable actions. Figure 3: Settling curves for various alum doses at an influent turbidity of 100 NTU. Note: Depending on local requirements, solutions of variable acidity or basicity may be produced, as well as lower assay. The volume of … Furthermore, while fine tuning the Process Controller methods, we noticed that that the current concentration of 5000 mg/L, a dose of 5 mg/L could not be produced by the peristaltic pump. To determine the optimal alum dose needed for an influent water turbidity of 100 NTU, we set up a special program in Process Controller. Final turbidity is a measure of whether of how much suspended particles were not affected by the alum---a high final turbidity would indicate that an inadequate amount of alum was introduced compared to the amount of contaminants in solution. 2 • Apply half alum dose (1. st) • Collect sediment cores (6 months) 3 Besides, possible cost of treatment and toxicity effect of the chemical coagulant are indicated by the reduction dose of alum. Knowing your influent and effluent flow rates, as well as dissolved oxygen, nitrate concentrations in the biological tanks and the amount of phosphorous you are dealing with (influent & sidestreams). However, the purpose of our investigating optimal alum dose is not to give operators in Honduras a alum dosing guide, but to develop a control method in our experiments that will render alum dosing a temporary non-variable. Online metal weight calculator which helps to calculate the weight of Aluminum Plate metal. Targeting the minimum flow rate for drinking-water distribution. *  A chemical treatment will transform soluble phosphorus into particulate phosphorus, allowing the reduction of total phosphorus following a "Solid-liquid" separation. The calculation for the length of the tube was done by measuring the outer diameter of the cylinder around which the tube was wrapped (plus adjustments for the thickness of the tube itself) and multiplying that by ¿ to give the circumference and then multiplying the circumference by the number of times the tube wrapped completely around the cylinder. Aluminum Plate metal validation purposes and should be left unchanged, 75 150. 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