(i) Polygamy: Polygamy is a type … Honey is also gathered from forests. The term Gond refers to tribal peoples who live all over India's Deccan Peninsula. Gonds believe that most diseases and misfortunes in life are caused by evil spirits and the displeasure of the gods. The tree is called Vellai Nakai | Vetkali in Tamil, Malakanniram | Vellanava in Malayalam, Shirimanu | Chiru Manu in Telugu, Dhau in Hindi, Daura | Dinkachee in Marathi, Dhava in Sanskrit and Bejalu | Dinduga … Lack of education and low levels of literacy further reduce economic opportunity. The Census of India 2001 did not enumerate caste, so the population figure should be regarded as approximate, since many Gond communities have become Hinduized and are no longer counted as Gonds. The village priest is appointed by the village council; however, his appointment is often hereditary. The Gonds, however, have their own explanation for their observance and celebrate the feasts in the Gond manner, complete with sacrifices. The earth, water, and air are ruled by deities that must be venerated and appeased with sacrifices and offerings. Women also wear colored glass bangles, as well as several types of beads, including their marriage necklaces made of small black beads. Elwin, Verrier (1944). Each Gond clan has its Persa Pen, who extends its protection to all clan members in return for their ritual offerings and worship. The details of the Gond festival calendar varies from region to region but, as might be expected of agricultural peoples, many of the important celebrations are connected with the agricultural seasons. The Dhur Gond, Bisonhorn Maria (so-called because of their distinctive horned headdress worn for dancing), the Muria Gond, and the Paharia Gonds are some of the Gond groups found in the region. The region is drained by the head-waters of many of India's major rivers (such as the Narmada, Tapti, Son, Mahanadi, and Godavari). . A normal marriage among the Gonds is the monogamous union of a man and a woman based on mutual choice, sanctioned by the ceremonial exchange of vows, with the approval of the tribal council, witnessed by the relatives of the partners and the village community, and concluded with a festive wedding dinner. Although sons are preferred, daughters are welcome too. They believe that adultery is punished by the ancestral spirits that can cause crop failure or an epidemic among humans and cattle. Women wear a cotton sari (a length of fabric wrapped around the waist, with one end thrown over the right shoulder) and choli (tight-fitting, cropped blouse). Thus, no one can marry a partner belonging to the same phratry or clan. Among the numerous myths of the Gonds, perhaps the most important is the great epic that celebrates the origins and exploits of the culture hero Pahandi Kapar Lingal. POPULATION: around 700,000 (est.) They ask soothsayers and diviners to find out the cause of problems and to suggest remedies. In some places, death is associated with a saja tree. Reprint. The Gonds of Andhra Pradesh: Tradition and Change in an Indian Tribe. ." The main part of the wedding occurs when the bride and groom walk seven times around a wedding post. Beine, David m. 1994. Likewise, a woman may elope with another man if her husband is a bad provider, a drunkard, or a wife beater, or if he is habitually unfaithful. Most Gonds, however, speak the broader languages of the region they live in. The term was widely used in the 1950s, but has now become almost obsolete, probably because of the political eclipse of the Gond Rajas. LOCATION: Igboland (Southern Nigeria) Like most tribals, the Gonds are accomplished artisans and can manufacture almost all the implements they require for their work on the farm and in the forest, all furniture in house and kitchen, and all of their ornaments and decorations. The phratry too observes exogamy, but with the payment of a fine the marriage prohibition can be waived. Conflict and Social Control. New York: Bookwright, 1991. They are one of the largest tribal groups in India. On all festive occasions sacrifices and offerings are performed either by the Official village priest, by the soothsayers and magicians, or by the head of the family that is celebrating an event. Hereditary bards and professional storytellers called Pardhans tell stories about Gond legends and myths. The language is related to Telugu. In the Gond belief system, besides this high god there also exist a great number of male and female deities and spirits that personify various natural features. They often tattoo their bodies. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gonds, "Gonds Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Maratha power swept into Gond land in the 1740s. Social Organization. They are concentrated in the south, especially in Bastar district, where they account for more than 20% of the district's total population. India. Muslim writers describe a rise of Gond states after the fourteenth century. The life spirit goes to Bhagwan to be judged and rewarded by reincarnation into a higher form or punished in a pool of biting worms; after a while the soul is reborn and begins a new life. [30] The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Scheduled Caste Gond population as 21,992.[31]. His responsibility is to perform all the sacrifices held at Certain feasts for the village community for which he receives a special remuneration. February sees the start of the hot season, with temperatures rising to over 40° C (104° F) in early June. The Mahua plant, whose flowers produce a liquor considered purifying, is also revered. The Gonds celebrate many feasts connected mainly with the agricultural seasons and with life-cycle events (birth, marriage, sickness, and death). 0.02 TIX. Dasahara is an important Gond holiday. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Other Gond sections outside of Gondavana are the Kisans, in the south of Bihar and in the neighboring districts of Orissa. While they are by no means all alike, there is a limited measure of cultural uniformity among these groups. Forest cover is dense in places, and communications are generally difficult. Although the Gonds have liberal views on premarital sex, they are strict in the observance of married fidelity. Vegetables are either grown in gardens or collected from forests along with roots and tubers. PRONUNCIATION: GAHNDSALTERNATE NAMES: Koi; KoiturLOCATION: IndiaPOPULATION: About 14 millionLANGUAGE: GondiRELIGION: Cult of the Persa Pen (clan deities); ancestor spirit worshipRELATED ARTICLES: Vol. Baradeo oversees activities of lesser gods such as clan and village deities, as well as ancestors. Nowadays the Gonds increasingly follow the example of the rural Hindu population and parents arrange the marriage when children are still young. Not all Gond ritual requires animal sacrifice; offerings sometimes include fruits, coconuts, flowers, colored powder, and strings. According to B. S. Guha, they are Proto-Australoids by race like the Oraons and Maler of Chota Nagpur Plateau. The marriage must later be legalized by the relatives and village councils of the partners. Bands of young people, dressed in their newest and best attire, travel from village to village entertaining the inhabitants with dancing, music, and singing. Dolcini, Donatella. Many Gonds also speak Hindi, Marathi, or Telegu. Shamans are individuals who fall into a trance and give voice to the demands of the offended god or spirit. They prospered economically and acquired a high social standing. Animals sacrificed at ceremonies are eagerly consumed, and the diet is supplemented by animals hunted in the forest. $0.25. Presence of Gond. Few children attend school regularly, and girls rarely continue past primary school. … Gond houses contain little furniture, perhaps some cots and a few wooden stools, with mats used for sitting and sleeping. The most distinctive feature of Gond religion is the cult of the Persa Pen, or the clan deities. He is respected but he does not receive fervent devotion, which is shown only to clan deities. Delhi: Gian Pub. Honey is also gathered from the forest. The tree grows all over Africa and on the Indian subcontinent, in … It … Each saga traces its descent to one of the four groups of gods who emerged from the cave after their release by the hero Lingal. Gond art has become a popular … Yet their characterization as "hill people" identifies one of their underlying traits, namely their traditional association with the hills and uplands of the Peninsula's interior. A distinct cluster of Gond tribes, somewhat isolated from the main Gond distributions, occurs in the Garhjat Hills of northern Orissa. By contrast, there are Gond groups such as the Raj Gonds and the Katholias who claim high social standing and have substantial land holdings. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gond, RELIGION: Cult of the Persa Pen (clan deities); ancestor spirit worship. Identification. Certain deities, especially female ones, demand chickens, goats, and sometimes male buffaloes. White or colored turbans complete the outfit. But it is very important for unmarried women and widows. In winter, waistcoats or woolen pullovers are worn for warmth, and sometimes a coarse woolen blanket is used for extra protection. LOCATION: Bangladesh; India; Myanmar (Burma) Gongs broadly fall into one of three types: Suspended gongs are more or less flat, circular discs of metal suspended vertically by means of a cord passed through holes near to the top rim. ." Iran is the highest producer of this tree gum, which is also called Gond … In People of India. Most Gonds, except for those who have adopted Hindu dietary taboos, like meat. In addition to Baradeo and the clan deities, the Gond world is populated by numerous other deities and spirits that are to be worshiped at the appropriate time. They are experiencing increasing pressure on their land, a rise in the number of landless laborers, and high levels of poverty. Millet is eaten three times a day, with the broth being preferred for the first two meals and the dry cereal taken with some vegetables in the evening. Madhubani. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Elaborate and costly ceremonies, including sacrifice, are performed at funerals by those who can afford it. ." Even so, many Gonds are bilingual or trilingual, speaking Hindi, Marathi, or Telegu as well as their mother tongue. Every hill, river, lake, tree, and rock is … Presence of Gond (Card) Presence of Gond. The Gonds, like the other Tribals of central India, believe that most diseases and misfortunes are caused by the machinations of evil spirits and offended deities. Originally they must have been nomadic hunters and food gatherers and then switched to shifting cultivation, retaining, however, their close connection with the forest. They call themselves Koi or Koitūr; the meaning of the latter name is unclear. In addition to its Gond inhabitants, a village has its service castes such as the Ahir (cowherds), Agaria (blacksmiths), Dhulia (drummers), and Pardhan (bards and singers). With the exception of a few matrilineal societies (such as the Garo and Khasi of Meghalaya in the north-east of India), women in the country do not inherit land. Gonds typically choose their marriage mates, and a tribal council approves the matches. At one time they must have been settled in the hills between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, because their dialect, Gondi, is closely related to the languages of those regions. RELIGION: Hinduism Gonds today are mainly farmers. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Orientation Each homestead houses a family, often a joint family consisting of the families of the married sons living with their parents. The densest concentrations of Gonds are found in the eastern ranges of the Satpura Hills, the Maikala Range, and the Son-Deogarh uplands. [21] Pola, a cattle festival, Phag, and Dassera are some of their major festivals. Various rituals, including sacrifice to the household gods, are performed after birth. Gond men typically wear the dhoti, or loincloth. Like many other tribes, Gonds worship a high god known as Baradeo, whose alternate names are Bhagavan, Sri Shambu Mahadeo, and Persa Pen. Gond men and women are affectionate toward children and enjoy having large families. Pola, a cattle festival, and Nagpanchami, the snake festival, are celebrated by the Gonds along with the other peoples of the area. Most describe themselves as Gonds … Most describe themselves as Gonds (hill people) or as Koi or Koitur. Shalant, Phyllis. Vol.3: The Scheduled Tribes. Magicians believe that through magic formulas they can control the actions of the deity or spirit who is the cause of a particular affliction. They are good singers, though the melodies of their songs sometimes sound monotonous and may not be of their own invention. These deities and spirits may be benevolent, but often they are capricious, malevolent, and prone to harming human beings, especially Individuals who have made themselves vulnerable by breaking a rule of the tribal code. The essential wedding rite consists of the groom walking with his bride seven times around a wedding post erected in the center of the wedding booth. Marriage by capture was in the past a popular form of Marriage among the Gonds. Cespenar can use this item to upgrade the Darkfire Bow, Firetooth or Taralash. … The Gonds' ties with the forest suggest that, in the past, they were nomadic hunters or food gatherers who took up shifting cultivation. A settlement commonly involves a fine, or excommunication in varying degrees. The Girdle of Gond is a girdle that boosts some thieving abilities. Gond dynasties ruled in four kingdoms (Garha-Mandla, Deogarh, Chanda, and Kherla) in central India between the sixteenth and mid-eighteenth centuries. Usually it strives to restore harmony between the litigants rather than to implement customary law. Thus, in Chhattisgarh, which was formed in 2000 from sixteen Chhattisgarhi-speaking districts in southeastern Madhya Pradesh, Gonds number over 4 million people, of the current estimated state total population of c. 24 million people. Chickens, goats, and sometimes male buffaloes (and reputedly in the past, humans) are the sacrificial victims. Boys spontaneously seem to prefer male company, while girls seem to gravitate naturally toward other females. The clan priest (katora) has the responsibility of tending the shrine and ritual objects of the clan's Persa Pen. A clan consists of a group of people who believe that they are descended in the male line from a common ancestor. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Silver Burdett Press, 1989. Visiting customs vary throughout the region, though Gonds are normally a hospitable people. 21 Dec. 2020 . Despite their numbers, the Gonds are an assemblage of diverse tribal groups. The first menstruation of a girl is not specially celebrated, but she does learn in advance what prohibitions she has to observe. Education and literacy levels among the Gonds vary but are generally low. The zenith of their might was from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. A mother's brother generally names a baby boy, while the father's sister names a girl. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The first historical references from the Gonds comes from Muslim writers in the 14th century. Stones representing souls of the dead, or hanals, are kept in a hanalkot at the foot of a saja tree. 1968. It helps keep the village running smoothly and upholds Gond customs. Before any festival occurs these two deities are worshipped. [22] These village deities include Aki Pen, the village guardian and the anwal, the village mother goddess, a similar paradigm to folk traditions of other Dravidian peoples. India: Mittal Publications, 2005. Barker, Amanda. These are prepared either boiled to a broth or cooked until all the water has evaporated. The village priest (devari), whose office is usually a hereditary one, performs the sacrifices and rituals for village festivals. The Gonds make musical instruments, and they carve memorial pillars in wood and stone for their dead. [6] They are an Adivasi group (indigenous people) of India[7], The Gond are also known as the Raj Gond. Inside India. Encyclopedia.com. The father of the groom has to pay a bride-price, the amount of which depends on the position and wealth of the two families. . To make these Ladoos, we use Acacia Gum that is made using dried sap of babul tree. 516 p. Museum of Mankind, Shelagh Weir, and Hira Lal. The kingdom of Chanda developed extensive irrigation and the first defined revenue system of the Gond kingdoms. This is not allowed in southern India, and the southern Gonds conform to this prohibition. New York: F. Watts, 1990. Both men and women enjoy wearing heavy silver ornaments. Fuchs, Stephen "Gond Encyclopedia.com. London: Oxford University Press, 1949. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gonds. They believe each human being has two souls, the life spirit and the shadow. RELATED ARTICLES: Vol. [Online] Available http://www.interknowledge.com/india/, 1998. Average Type Distribution. ." Afterwards the kingdoms of Kherla and Deogarh were founded. At other times, dances are performed simply for fun. Pregnancy and birth are surrounded with protective rites against magic spells and evil influences. Only 1.5% of the population, mainly males, continues on to graduate level studies. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. . Gonds have lent their name to Gondwana ("the Land of the Gonds"), the part of India in which they live. More important affairs are discussed and decided upon by all the men of the community. Mandla is particularly well-known for their warrior-queen Rani Durgavati, who fought against Akbar until her death in 1564. The belief in the survival of the ancestral spirits is, however, quite strong. The upland areas generally lie between 2,000 to 3,000 feet (600 to 900 meters), with isolated peaks occasionally exceeding approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 meters). Many of the songs that accompany dances tend to be of a suggestive nature. Religious Beliefs. Banerjee, B. G., and Kiran Bhatia. Inheritance passes down the male line, with all sons receiving equal shares. They speak the Gondi language. The council consists of the headman, priest, village watchman, and four or five elders. They believe the gods would punish such a sin with a skin disease, worms in a wound, or leprosy. The baby is named after three to four weeks, with the name-giver usually being the mother's brother for a boy, or the father's sister for a girl. The region is drained by the headwaters of many of India's major rivers (e.g., the Narmada, Tapti, Son, Mahanadi, and Godavari). As their language is Dravidian, the Gonds may have passed through lands to the south where the Dravidian languages are found. It was the Mughals who first used the name "Gond" (hill people) to describe the peoples of the area. There are family gods and household gods to be propitiated. If soothsayers and diviners cannot help, magicians and shamans must be employed. Fuchs, Stephen (1960). Still others believe that the soul is absorbed in Bhagwan or Bara Deo. The visitor is welcomed and presented with small gifts, perhaps some dried tobacco leaves or fruits from the forest. Singh, K. S., ed. Although some Gond communities have risen to the status of landowners, many are landless laborers. Gonds are found over a wide area of central India. . Russell, R. V., and Hira Lal (1916). Scholars believe Gonds settled in Gondwana, now known as eastern Madhya Pradesh, between the ninth and thirteenth centuries ad. [19], In Gond folk(hindu) religion, adherents worship a high god known as Baradeo, whose alternate names are Bhagavan, Sri Shambu Mahadeo, and Persa Pen. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Like them, the Gonds believe in a high god whom they call either by his Hindu name, "Bhagwan," or by his tribal name, "Bara Deo," the "Great God." In the past, the torso remained bare, but today cotton shirts are worn with the dhoti. Offenders against the law of exogamy are excluded from the tribal community and can only be readmitted after separation. Magic may be "white" or "black": it is white if it counteracts black magic or effects a cure when a sickness has been caused by black magic. Divorce is possible and much easier to obtain than in Hindu societies, and tribal widows—unlike their Hindu sisters—have no problem in remarrying. Oosterhout: Anthropological Publications. These are either boiled to a broth or cooked to a dry cereal. [Online] Available http://www.wtgonline.com/country/in/gen.html, 1998. The ambition of every Gond woman is to bear a son. [citation needed], They are a designated Scheduled Tribe in Andhra Pradesh, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Odisha, and West Bengal. "Gonds connection between the many Gond groups. Gonds believe ancestral spirits watch over the living, punish offenders, and guard Gond communities. There are no sporting activities associated with traditional Gond society. The norm is cross-cousin marriage (for example, marrying one's mother's brother's daughter), which is typical in southern India. But they are not members of village councils and cannot become the village chief. Interknowledge Corporation. He over3s the activities of the lesser gods and he is to be respected and worshiped, but he does not receive the fervent devotion reserved for the clan deities. Only three Gond sections in the south have youth dormitories, and only the Murías use the dormitory for the education of youth in married and civic life. Houses are usually built of mud and thatch. Most significantly, they all describe themselves as Gonds or, in the local Gondi dialects, as Koi or Koitur. The summer brings the monsoon rains, with precipitation amounts varying from 47 inches (120 centimeters) to over 63 inches (160 centimeters) in the more southeasterly locations. "Gonds The Gonds are numerically the most important tribe in South Asia. All Gond death rituals are undertaken for the welfare of the spirit, performed to ensure its smooth passage through the spirit world and its acceptance by the ancestral spirits of the clan. Among females in Madhya Pradesh, it drops to about 4 percent. Gonds protect pregnant women against spells and evil influences, and perform several rituals after a baby is born. Gond, group of aboriginal peoples (now officially designated as Scheduled Tribes) of central and south-central India, about two million in number.They live in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, … Thus they act as strict guardians of the Gond community. ." The men leave their homes in search of employment, often ending up as bonded labor in distant places. . Pastel Colour Painting: Pastel colours are generally available in the sticks. Each village has its council, with officials like the headman, the priest, the village watchman, and four or five elders. They are artistically gifted: they paint their house walls with artistic designs, and they carve memorial pillars in wood and stone for their dead. After death an adult Gond man or woman is cremated; children are buried without much Ceremony. Gonds also enjoy assembling on full-moon nights to sing and dance. Every hill, river, lake, tree, and rock is inhabited by a spirit. A bride-price is paid by the father of the groom. POPULATION: c. 70 million (estimate) (50% are o…, ETHNONYMS: none Maria Murder and Suicide. The Gonds reached even the hills along the southern bank of the Ganges. Gond society is divided into four exogamous, patrilineal descent groups known in anthropological terminology as phratries. Gonds live all over central India, and in the states of Maharashtra and Orissa. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Vol. Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Tribal Demography of Gonds. If these practitioners cannot help, the services of magicians and shamans must be sought. [15] Gonds had their own local terms for the Sun, Moon, Milky Way, and constellations. However, the beauty and simplicity of Gond art have charmed people all over the world and today it can be found in all types of places. They are an Adivasi group (indigenous people) of India The Gond Indian tribes worship Janani or the mother of creator. A Gond wedding is accompanied by many significant ceremonies, although, in general, rites conform to the marriage customs of the locality. Groom walk seven times around a wedding post his inventions into the world northern Gonds widows..., perhaps some dried tobacco leaves, fruits, or other engaged in agriculture or work in the area the. 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